Wednesday, March 31, 2010

Lesson 2

Posted by Taniar Rachma Prismandini at 3:43 AM


Lesson 2   NOVELTY, CREATIVITY, INNOVATION AND INVETION

The creative person is one who generates new ideas while the creative process is how these new ideas, solutions, and inventions are produced.

AMBIGUITY OF CREATIVITY
"Being creative is seeing the same thing as everybody else but thinking of something different"  (Shekerjian, D.1990). 
One of the many definitions of the word creativity. The definite definition of the word creativity has long been an argument among many scholar and researchers. (Amabile, 1996. P 19)
Creativity is the process of generating something new that has value. There are many new ideas and concepts, but some may not have value and hence may not be considered creative. A creation is something original that has value. (Haggins, 1995, p. 3)
Creativity does not happen inside people’s heads, but in the interaction between a person’s thoughts and a sociocultural context. It is a systemic rather than individual phenomenon.  (Csikszentmihalyi, 1996, p.23)
Creativity involves the translation of our unique gifts, talents and vision into an external reality that is new and useful. It is important to be aware that creativity takes place unavoidably inside our own personal, social, and cultural boundaries. To understand creativity is not just to study the individuals but also social mechanisms that stimulated their idea and social network that recognized and spread their innovation.
As being mentioned before there are many aspects to creativity and one definition would include the ability to take existing objects and combines them in different ways for new purposes.
Innovation by definition is to bring in new ideas or make changes. (Oxford Dictionary) Definition from the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, innovation is the act of introducing something new. Ned Herrmann the founder of Herrmann International which deal with creative thinking in the corporation and the founder of Whole Brain Technology described, Creativity and Innovation are often used interchangeably but they are very different parts of the same process.
In other words, innovation is the process of turning ideas into practical reality. (Herrmann, 1999)
Explained by Stenrberg, 
            Beyond intelligence, there must also be wisdom because intelligence alone is not sufficient Wisdom is considered by Sternberg to be the balance between creativity and intelligence relegating the novel ideas according to their appropriateness. It may be easy enough to generate novel ideas, but wisdom will distinguish the reasonable from the unreasonable. A creative and intelligent person may produce a novel idea, but without wisdom, the novel idea may be “foolish” or inappropriate  (Dickhut. J E)
According to Dr. Edward de Bono, the leading authority in the field of creative thinking. the human mind can be regarded as an insoluble mystery (de Bono). In his series of book on Lateral thinking, Dr de Bono, build up a picture of a 'special memory-surface' which resemble the mechanism of brain in selecting, processing and rejecting of information. He illustrates the mind's tendency to create and combine rigid patterns, to build myths, to polarize and divide, and then relates these mechanisms to the various modes of thinking such as natural, logical, mathematical, and lateral. (De Bono) As said by de Bono creativity is not 'natural' to human brain therefore a thinking skill needs to be develop in order to becomes creative. Nothing is more important than human thinking or thinking creatively. Thinking can be taught across all cultures, ages and abilities. It is not a matter of intelligence or of knowledge. "Creativity isn't magic. It's achievable!" (Leland,N. 1990)

Defining novelty
Novelty is the quality of being new. Although it may be said to have an objective dimension (e.g. a new style of art coming into being, such as abstract art or impressionism) it essentially exists in the subjective perceptions of individuals.

Subjective and Objective novelty
Subjective novelty is the apperception of something as being new by an individual person or a group of persons;
Objective novelty is something that is new for all humanity in its development through ages. It is unlikely, however, that even the most knowing and knowledgeable person boldly say that he knows everything that was before and take liberty to judge things from this standpoint.
The study of creativity that is based on the presumption of novelty aims to reveal the universal laws of its generation and to explain how original works are produced by using the old material and known procedures.
Originality is not a decisive feature of creative work and Novelty in creativity is always based on what has been created before.

Defining Innovation
Innovation is the process of making improvements by introducing something new, the realization of a creative idea in a social context.
Innovation is a process by which an idea or invention is translated into a good or service for which people will pay.
To be called an innovation, an idea must be replicable at an economical cost and must satisfy a specific need.
Innovation involves deliberate application of information, imagination, and initiative in deriving greater or different value from resources, and encompasses all processes by which new ideas are generated and converted into useful products.
In business, innovation results often from the application of a scientific or technical idea in decreasing the gap between the needs or expectations of the customers and the performance of a firm's products.
In a social context, innovation is equally important in devising new collaborative methods such as alliance creation, joint venturing, flexible working hours, and in creating buyers' purchasing power through methods such as hire purchase.

Innovations are divided into two broad categories:
(1)   Evolutionary innovations are brought about by numerous incremental advances in technology or processes and are of two types
(a)        Continuous evolutionary innovations result in an alteration in product characteristics instead of in a new product, and do not require any user-learning or changes in his or her routine, examples are multi-blade shaving razor, fluoride toothpaste, and laptop computer;
(b)        Dynamic continuous evolutionary innovations require some user-learning but do not disrupts his or her routine, examples are fax machines, instant photography, and held computers.
(2)  Revolutionary innovations (called also discontinuous innovations) requirea good deal of user-learning, often disrupt his or her routine, and may even require new behavior patterns.
           
Examples are photocopier (xerography) machines, personal computers, and internet.
Innovation is synonymous with risk-taking and firms which introduce revolutionary products or technologies take on the greatest risk because they have to create new markets.

There are four types of creativity. Creative people fall into these four categories:
  1. Aesthetic Organizers.
  2. Boundary Pushers — those who take an existing idea and push it a little further.
  3. Inventors — those who take existing knowledge and create new ideas — the Edisons of this world.
The rarest group: Boundary Breakers — the Leonardos and the Copernicuses.

"The best way to predict your future is to create it!"
--  Abraham Lincoln

The new and the old are not two completely different entities but rather the two sides of a coin. The new is always based on what was before and the one appears through another like the water under the ice for those who can see.

           

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Lesson 2


Lesson 2   NOVELTY, CREATIVITY, INNOVATION AND INVETION

The creative person is one who generates new ideas while the creative process is how these new ideas, solutions, and inventions are produced.

AMBIGUITY OF CREATIVITY
"Being creative is seeing the same thing as everybody else but thinking of something different"  (Shekerjian, D.1990). 
One of the many definitions of the word creativity. The definite definition of the word creativity has long been an argument among many scholar and researchers. (Amabile, 1996. P 19)
Creativity is the process of generating something new that has value. There are many new ideas and concepts, but some may not have value and hence may not be considered creative. A creation is something original that has value. (Haggins, 1995, p. 3)
Creativity does not happen inside people’s heads, but in the interaction between a person’s thoughts and a sociocultural context. It is a systemic rather than individual phenomenon.  (Csikszentmihalyi, 1996, p.23)
Creativity involves the translation of our unique gifts, talents and vision into an external reality that is new and useful. It is important to be aware that creativity takes place unavoidably inside our own personal, social, and cultural boundaries. To understand creativity is not just to study the individuals but also social mechanisms that stimulated their idea and social network that recognized and spread their innovation.
As being mentioned before there are many aspects to creativity and one definition would include the ability to take existing objects and combines them in different ways for new purposes.
Innovation by definition is to bring in new ideas or make changes. (Oxford Dictionary) Definition from the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, innovation is the act of introducing something new. Ned Herrmann the founder of Herrmann International which deal with creative thinking in the corporation and the founder of Whole Brain Technology described, Creativity and Innovation are often used interchangeably but they are very different parts of the same process.
In other words, innovation is the process of turning ideas into practical reality. (Herrmann, 1999)
Explained by Stenrberg, 
            Beyond intelligence, there must also be wisdom because intelligence alone is not sufficient Wisdom is considered by Sternberg to be the balance between creativity and intelligence relegating the novel ideas according to their appropriateness. It may be easy enough to generate novel ideas, but wisdom will distinguish the reasonable from the unreasonable. A creative and intelligent person may produce a novel idea, but without wisdom, the novel idea may be “foolish” or inappropriate  (Dickhut. J E)
According to Dr. Edward de Bono, the leading authority in the field of creative thinking. the human mind can be regarded as an insoluble mystery (de Bono). In his series of book on Lateral thinking, Dr de Bono, build up a picture of a 'special memory-surface' which resemble the mechanism of brain in selecting, processing and rejecting of information. He illustrates the mind's tendency to create and combine rigid patterns, to build myths, to polarize and divide, and then relates these mechanisms to the various modes of thinking such as natural, logical, mathematical, and lateral. (De Bono) As said by de Bono creativity is not 'natural' to human brain therefore a thinking skill needs to be develop in order to becomes creative. Nothing is more important than human thinking or thinking creatively. Thinking can be taught across all cultures, ages and abilities. It is not a matter of intelligence or of knowledge. "Creativity isn't magic. It's achievable!" (Leland,N. 1990)

Defining novelty
Novelty is the quality of being new. Although it may be said to have an objective dimension (e.g. a new style of art coming into being, such as abstract art or impressionism) it essentially exists in the subjective perceptions of individuals.

Subjective and Objective novelty
Subjective novelty is the apperception of something as being new by an individual person or a group of persons;
Objective novelty is something that is new for all humanity in its development through ages. It is unlikely, however, that even the most knowing and knowledgeable person boldly say that he knows everything that was before and take liberty to judge things from this standpoint.
The study of creativity that is based on the presumption of novelty aims to reveal the universal laws of its generation and to explain how original works are produced by using the old material and known procedures.
Originality is not a decisive feature of creative work and Novelty in creativity is always based on what has been created before.

Defining Innovation
Innovation is the process of making improvements by introducing something new, the realization of a creative idea in a social context.
Innovation is a process by which an idea or invention is translated into a good or service for which people will pay.
To be called an innovation, an idea must be replicable at an economical cost and must satisfy a specific need.
Innovation involves deliberate application of information, imagination, and initiative in deriving greater or different value from resources, and encompasses all processes by which new ideas are generated and converted into useful products.
In business, innovation results often from the application of a scientific or technical idea in decreasing the gap between the needs or expectations of the customers and the performance of a firm's products.
In a social context, innovation is equally important in devising new collaborative methods such as alliance creation, joint venturing, flexible working hours, and in creating buyers' purchasing power through methods such as hire purchase.

Innovations are divided into two broad categories:
(1)   Evolutionary innovations are brought about by numerous incremental advances in technology or processes and are of two types
(a)        Continuous evolutionary innovations result in an alteration in product characteristics instead of in a new product, and do not require any user-learning or changes in his or her routine, examples are multi-blade shaving razor, fluoride toothpaste, and laptop computer;
(b)        Dynamic continuous evolutionary innovations require some user-learning but do not disrupts his or her routine, examples are fax machines, instant photography, and held computers.
(2)  Revolutionary innovations (called also discontinuous innovations) requirea good deal of user-learning, often disrupt his or her routine, and may even require new behavior patterns.
           
Examples are photocopier (xerography) machines, personal computers, and internet.
Innovation is synonymous with risk-taking and firms which introduce revolutionary products or technologies take on the greatest risk because they have to create new markets.

There are four types of creativity. Creative people fall into these four categories:
  1. Aesthetic Organizers.
  2. Boundary Pushers — those who take an existing idea and push it a little further.
  3. Inventors — those who take existing knowledge and create new ideas — the Edisons of this world.
The rarest group: Boundary Breakers — the Leonardos and the Copernicuses.

"The best way to predict your future is to create it!"
--  Abraham Lincoln

The new and the old are not two completely different entities but rather the two sides of a coin. The new is always based on what was before and the one appears through another like the water under the ice for those who can see.